If you're eyeing Spain’s Digital Nomad Visa (DNV), there’s one big hurdle you can’t ignore—Social Security compliance. Unlike Portugal, where Social Security is handled separately from immigration, Spain requires proof of compliance as part of your visa application. And for many Americans, this is where things get complicated.
For a step-by-step breakdown of the DNV process, check out our Spain Digital Nomad Visa Guide: 2025.
Meeting Social Security Requirements
Your Social Security obligations depend on how you're working while in Spain. Choosing the right setup is key, as not all options are viable.
1. Registering as Self-Employed (Autónomo)
The simplest and safest route is registering as a trabajador autónomo (self-employed worker). This means handling your own Social Security and taxes in Spain, ensuring full compliance. If you want a hassle-free approach with no external employer involvement, this is your best bet.
2. Working for a Foreign Employer
If you’re employed by a company outside Spain, things get trickier. You have two main options:
Employer Registers in Spain: Your company must register with Spanish authorities and handle your Social Security contributions. Keep in mind, this can trigger additional tax obligations for your employer, making it a dealbreaker for many companies.
Totalization Agreement: Spain and the U.S. have a Social Security Agreement to prevent double taxation. However, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) claims this agreement doesn’t cover remote workers, only those on temporary assignments. This means the SSA won’t issue the required Certificate of Coverage, making it nearly impossible to fulfill Spain’s DNV requirements under this model.
3. Employer of Record (EoR) - Not an Option
Many digital nomads use an Employer of Record (EoR) to handle payroll and compliance abroad, but Spain doesn’t recognize this model as valid. Simply put, it’s not a legal option for fulfilling Social Security obligations.
Bottom Line
Spain takes Social Security compliance seriously, and failing to meet the requirements can derail your visa application. Unlike Portugal, where this isn’t part of the process, Spain makes it non-negotiable. If you want the smoothest path forward, self-employment is your best bet. For those with foreign employers, understanding the limitations of the Totalization Agreement is crucial. As always, seeking expert guidance can save you from costly mistakes.
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